Genes and the environment influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size, and life span. Humans have continued to expand, with a global population of over 8 billion as of 2023. As populations became larger and denser, forms of governance developed within and between communities, and a large number of civilizations have risen and fallen. The Neolithic Revolution, which began in Southwest Asia around 13,000 years ago (and separately in a few other places), saw the emergence of agriculture and permanent human settlement. Humans began exhibiting behavioral modernity about 160,000–60,000 years ago. For most of their history, humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Migrating out of Africa, they gradually replaced and interbred with local populations of archaic humans. Anatomically modern humans emerged around 300,000 years ago in Africa, evolving from Homo heidelbergensis or a similar species. Other members of the genus Homo are known posthumously as archaic humans. Humans also study themselves, through such domains as anthropology, social science, history, psychology, and medicine.Īlthough some scientists equate the term "humans" with all members of the genus Homo, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant member. The desire to understand and influence phenomena has motivated humanity's development of science, technology, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other frameworks of knowledge. As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, languages, and rituals, each of which bolsters human society. ![]() Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. A great ape characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligence, humans have large brains, enabling more advanced cognitive skills that enable them to thrive and adapt in varied environments, and develop complex societies and civilizations. Humans, or modern humans ( Homo sapiens), are the most common and widespread species of primate.
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